SUPREME COURT OF INDIANA

LCEOC, INC., and GREATER HAMMOND )
COMMUNITY SERVICES, Inc.,  )
       )  45S03-9904-CV-223
 Appellants (Defendants Below),)  in the Supreme Court
       )
  v.     )  45A03-9710-CV-356
       )  in the Court of Appeals
FREDDIE GREER,     )
       )
 Appellee (Plaintiff Below). )

APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Jeffery J. Dywan, Judge
Cause No. 45D01-9604-CT-429

September 21, 2000

SHEPARD, Chief Justice.

 We hold here that the Lake County Equal Opportunities Council is a governmental entity entitled to protection under the Tort Claims Act, and that Greater Hammond Community Services is not. 

Facts and Procedural History

  On May 3, 1994, Freddie Greer, an amputee, used a bus service provided through Greater Hammond Community Services, Inc. (GHCS).  Bruce Lewis, a driver employed by GHCS, transported Greer to his doctor’s appointment without incident.  On the return trip, however, while Greer was strapped into his wheelchair, Lewis dropped Greer down some concrete stairs.    The resulting injuries eventually caused Greer’s death. 

Greer’s estate brought a wrongful death suit against GHCS and the Lake County Equal Opportunities Council (LCEOC), an organization affiliated with GHCS.  Both defendants later moved for summary judgment alleging that they were governmental entities under the Indiana Tort Claims Act, and that Greer’s claim was therefore barred for failure to comply with the Act’s requirement to give early notice of the claim.  The trial court denied summary judgment, finding genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether LCEOC and GHCS were governmental entities. 

The defendants appealed, and the Court of Appeals held that both were governmental entities entitled to the protection of the Tort Claims Act.  LCEOC, Inc. v. Greer, 699 N.E.2d 763 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998).  On the same day a different panel of the Court of Appeals decided Greater Hammond Community Serv. v. Mutka, 699 N.E.2d 757 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (Mutka), which held that GHCS was not a governmental entity.  We accepted transfer to resolve the contradiction.

Discussion

The Indiana Tort Claims Act provides that a claim against a political subdivision is barred unless notice is filed with (1) the governing body of the political subdivision and (2) the Indiana Political Subdivision Risk Management Commission, within 180 days after a loss occurs.  Ind. Code Ann. § 34-4-16.5-7(a) (West Supp. 1994).   The Act further provides that a “governmental entity” is the state or a political subdivision of the state.  Ind. Code Ann. § 34-4-16.5-2(c) (West Supp. 1994).  

Defendants GHCS and LCEOC claim that they are political subdivisions (and therefore governmental entities) entitled to receive notice as specified by section 34-4-16.5-7(a). 

Standard of Review

A grant of summary judgment requires that no genuine issue of material fact exist and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.  Ind. Trial Rule 56(C).  On appeal from summary judgment, the reviewing court analyzes the issues in the same fashion as the trial court, de novo.  Carie v. PSI Energy, Inc., 715 N.E.2d 853, 855 (Ind. 1999).  The court must also view the pleadings and designated materials in the light most favorable to the non-movant, in this case, Greer. 

I.  LCEOC as a Political Subdivision
 
The Indiana Tort Claims Act provides that a community action agency shall be treated as a political subdivision, Ind. Code § 34-4-16.5-20, and must meet the following conditions:
(1) Is any of the following:
(A) A political subdivision of the State.
(B) A combination of political subdivisions.
(C) An agency of a political subdivision.
(D) A private nonprofit agency.
(2) Has the authority under state or federal law . . . to support community action programs . . . .
(3) Is designated as a community action agency by the governor or by federal law.
Ind. Code Ann. § 12-14-23-2 (West 1994) (emphasis added).  It is apparent that LCEOC is a private nonprofit agency with authority to conduct community action programs, so the dispute between the parties focuses on whether the governor has “designated” LCEOC as a community action agency under Ind. Code § 12-14-23-2(3).  In a letter to LCEOC dated June 12, 1990, Governor Evan Bayh wrote in pertinent part, “your organization is recognized as the Community Action Agency of your area:  Lake County Economic Opportunity Council Serving Jasper, Lake, Newton and Porter counties.”  (R. at 488.) 

Greer argues that this “recognition” is an insufficient “designation” under Ind. Code § 12-14-23-2(3).  (Appellee’s Br. at 13.)  Greer is certainly correct that designation and recognition have slightly different meanings, but pushing these nuances too far is just lexicographic hair-splitting.  The words have the same effect here.  By designation, the governor means, “I say that LCEOC is a community action agency,” by recognition, “I see that LCEOC is a community action agency.”  The result of both statements is to say, “LCEOC is a community action agency.”

II. GHCS as a Political Subdivision

The parties appear to agree, as they do in Mutka that GHCS does not fit the statutory definition of a community action agency as set out in Ind. Code § 12-14-23-2.  See Appellant’s Br. at 5-6 (GHCS does not attempt to argue that it satisfies the three requirements in section 12-14-23-2); Appellee’s Br. at 8-9.  GHCS thus advances alternative grounds on which it should be deemed a political subdivision or governmental entity. 

GHCS makes two arguments identical to those we disposed of today in Mutka, (1) that because GHCS provides “essential governmental services,” it is entitled to Indiana Tort Claims Act protection under Ayres v. Indian Heights Volunteer Fire Dep’t, 493 N.E.2d 1229 (Ind. 1986), (Appellant’s Br. at 10-15); and (2) that because GHCS is engaged in a joint venture with LCEOC, it is entitled to Indiana Tort Claims Act protection pursuant to Brunton v. Porter Mem’l Hosp. Ambulance Serv., 647 N.E.2d 636 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994), (Appellant’s Br. at 15-19).  We refer the parties to our disposition of those contentions in Mutka, as we reach the same result here.  Greater Hammond Community Serv. v. Mutka, No. 45S03-9904-CV-224, slip op. (Ind. September 21, 2000).

GHCS makes one additional argument in its brief in the present case: that it is a governmental entity for the purposes of the Indiana Tort Claims Act because it is a public agency for the purposes of the Public Records Act.  (Appellant’s Br. at 19-28.)  Assuming GHCS is a public agency for the purposes of one statute, it does not necessarily follow that it is a governmental entity for the purposes of another.  GHCS advances two subarguments to support its claim that a public agency should also be deemed a governmental entity: (1) GHCS is publicly controlled, and (2) GHCS is controlled by LCEOC.  (Appellant’s Br. at 25-26, 27.)

GHCS says that it is publicly controlled because it receives the majority of its funds from public sources, is subject to the Public Records Act, and has a board with one-third of the members as elected officials.  (Appellant’s Br. at 25-26 (citing World Prods., Inc. v. Capital Improvement Bd., 514 N.E.2d 634 (Ind. Ct. App. 1987), trans. denied).)  This level of control does not, however, rise to the level of public control of the Capital Improvement Board discussed in World Productions.  The statute creating the CIB provides that the city and county appoint all the Board members and may remove them for cause, the property acquired by the Board is held in the name of the city and may not be sold without approval by the executive of the city, the Board’s budget must be approved of by the city-county legislative body, and the Board is subject to audit by the State Board of Accounts.  Id. at 637. 

While GHCS is subject to some governmental supervision due to its receipt of public funds, the only other factor GHCS mentions is the composition of its board, which is determined by agreement with LCEOC, not by statute.  See R. at 178 (GHCS “shall comply . . . with all LCEOC administrative procedures, guides, manuals, program rules and regulations.”).  Designated community action agencies have historically been required to select elected officials as one-third of their board members.  See, e.g., 42 U.S.C.A. § 9904 (West 1995).   The Capital Improvement Board, on the other hand, does not select its own elected-official members; instead the city and county appoint them.  For purposes of measuring the extent of governmental control, this is the difference between night and day.

GHCS claims that it “is a ‘subordinate creature’ of LCEOC.”  (Appellant’s Br. at 27 (footnote omitted).)  LCEOC’s control of GHCS is, again, the product of contractual arrangements rather than statute.  (R. at 178-89.)   “A group that is neither specifically named a governmental entity or political subdivision by statute nor engaged in the provision of uniquely governmental services may not receive the protection of the Indiana Tort Claims Act by contracting to be managed by an established governmental entity.”  Mutka, slip op. at 10 (citing Perry County Dev. Corp. v. Kempf, 712 N.E.2d 1020, 1025 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999)).